Term papers (research papers) must be wholy the product of the student. It is the student's responsibility to demonstrate that he or she wrote the paper. (In contrast to the instructor's responsibility to prove that it was not.) Papers that are purchased, borrowed, or constructed as a collage of Internet sources constitute serious academic dishonesty. You should hold onto your source materials and notes until the following semester in case your paper is challenged.
All text, tables, and graphics in a paper must be the student's work unless the instructor expressively gives other instructions or the borrowed material is correctly referenced.
Direct quotations:
You must cite the author and the page number from which the quotation was taken. Please see the APA Publications Manual for format details.
Marsella, in his analysis of the relationship between culture and terrorism, notes that the problem “is more than the collision of cultures over time” (Marsella, 2004, p. 30).
Large direct quotations:
When the quoted material is more than 40 words, use a block quotation.
According to Dwairy (1998), the major developments of the 20th century in communication, education, technology, and mass media resulted in Western invasion of almost every sector of the Arab Islamic world. |
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In the past two centuries, the cultural debate has focused on the question of traditionalism versus modernity, and authenticity (asala) and specificity (khususiyya) versus Westernization. Some extremists call for Westernization, and others call for Islamic fundamentalism. …There is a division of opinion [among Arabs] about the basis of authority. (Dwairy, 1998, p. 11) |
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| These Arab-Muslim communities have been reacting negatively to what they consider corruption in the West. |
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| Notes: |
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The elipsis (...) indicates that you have removed some text from the quote |
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The text in [brackets] indicates that you have added some explanatory text |
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The page number must be given |
Paraphrase
It is important to use paraphrasing carefully. All papers must include paraphrasing to some extent. However, the important distinction is between excessively paraphrasing another's work and presenting it as your own writing, versus presenting another author's ideas. Citations are required whenever another's ideas are presented, but excessively paraphrased work that is cited is still plagiarism.
Original text:
These Arab-Muslim communities have been reacting negatively to what they consider corruption in the West, especially the United States, which constantly exports products, including lifestyles, music, magazines, movies, and so on to countries with traditional values. Other Western values like extreme individualism, self-sufficiency, personal autonomy, self-fulfillment, privacy, and seeking what feels good have been gradually invading the East and changing its sociological structure.
Excessive paraphrase (this is plagiarism):
The United States exports many social products like music and movies, and Arabs have not been happy about this process. The “sociological structure” of the East has changed due to the importation of Western ideas such as privacy and hedonism (Abi-Hashem, 2004).
This would be OK:
Abi-Hashem (2004) argues that Muslims in the Arab world object to Western values, which they view as corrupt. These values are changing Eastern societies… move into other ideas at this point in the sentence
A proper research paper presents a new idea based on old ideas; it is not a summary or a book report.
Indirect Citations
You may only cite materials that you have read yourself. However, it is common to refer to ideas in sources that you have not read when they are discussed in a source you have read as long as you cite the unread source correctly.
Original text of the paper your have read:
Choueiri (1990) described Islamic fundamentalism as a contemporary product of the clash between the traditional values and ideologies and the influences of capitalism and socialism in the Western world. Some Islamists even perceive secularism as a source of corruption, dictatorship, and serious violation of human rights, freedom, and liberation (Tamimi & Esposito, 2000).
Use of Tamimi & Esposito, if you have not read their paper:
Secularism appears to be objectionable to some Islamists (Tamimi & Esposito, 2000, as cited in Abi-Hashem, 2004).
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